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also be affected by perceived racial discrimina- 2002; Solomon et al., 1998; Sroufe, 2005; Wei,
tion, which is also related to attachment style Vogel, Ku, & Zakalik, 2005; Werner & Gross;
(Wei et al., 2012), as are styles of adaptive and 2009); Human/Interpersonal (Bartholomew &
maladaptive humor (Besser, Luyten & Mayes, Horowitz, 1991; Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney
2012), perfectionism (Wei et al., 2006), social & Noller, 1991; Foster, Kernis, & Goldman,
status (Ross, 2007) and general satisfaction with 2007; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Keister, 2010;
life (Hastings, 2012). Schindler (2019) reports Lopez & Brennan, 2000; Mallinckrodt & Wei,
there is an established link between insecure 2005; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005; Mikulincer et
attachment style and Substance Use Disorders al., 2005; O’Connell-Corcoran & Mallinckrodt,
(SUD) in both cross-sectional and longitudinal 2000; Pistole & Arricale, 2003; Simon & Bax-
designs, with continued substance abuse im- ter, 1993; Van Buren & Cooley, 2002 ; Vogel &
pairing the ability to form close relationships Wei, 2005; Wei, Vogel., Ku, & Zakalik, 2005);
(Schindler, 2019). Global workers, including Historical (Cozolino, 2010; Fonagy et al., 1996;
Christian missionaries, are not immune from LeDoux, 2002; Preston, O’Neal & Talaga, 2010;
the impact of addictions, including non-sub- Schore, 2000; Schore, 2002; Siegel, 1999); Oc-
stance or process addictions such as gambling, cupational/Organizational i.e.social connected-
Internet addiction, or pornography. Thus, this ness and view of authority (Davidovitz, Miku-
link is important to consider as attachment- re- lincer, Shaver, Izsak, & Popper, 2007; Hazan &
lated constructs impacting stress, self-efficacy, Shaver, 1990; Wei et al., 2012; Wei et al., 2007);
coping styles and low frustration tolerance are conflict management (O’Connell-Corcoran &
intricately linked to addictive behaviors (Ste- Mallinckrodt, 2000); Physical (Feeney, 2000;
vens & Smith, 2013). In summary, cross-cultu- Maunder & Hunter, 2008; Taylor, Mann, White,
ral adjustment has the potential to impact anyo- & Goldberg, 2000; Zech et al., 2006); Psycho-
ne of these attachment -related constructs. logical (Schore, 2000; Schore & Schore, 2008;
Stressors and Relationship to Attachment Style Shaffer et al., 2006; Siegel, 1999; Sroufe & Siegel,
Acculturation stress is only one type of stres- 2011; Zech et al., 2006); Support i.e percepti-
sors global workers face. In fact, O’Donnell and on of support (DeFronzo, Panzarella, & Butler,
Lewis O’Donnell (2009, 2012) have identified 2001; Huff, 2001; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2009;
10 common areas of stress cross-cultural wor- Ognibene & Collins, 1998; Priel & Shamai,
kers encounter. Each of these 10, often overlap- 1995; Smith, 2004); and Spiritual (Granqvist,
ping areas, can impact the missionary across 2005; Hall, 2007a, 2007b; Keister, 2010; Schot-
multiple domains and vary from normative to tenbauer et al., 2006). Therefore, in theory, taken
non-normative across the lifespan of missiona- together, attachment style may have an effect on
ry service. These 10 areas, represented by the psychological appraisal, interpersonal relation-
acronym CHOPS, include Cultural, Crises, Hu- ships, coping mechanisms and corresponding
man, Historical, Occupational, Organizational, emotion regulation processes in cross -cultural
Physical, Psychological, Support, and Spiritual adjustment and subsequent service. Because of
(see O’Donnell & Lewis O’Donnell, 2009, 2012 the more frequent stressors missionaries report,
for review). While each category of stressors specific areas central to attachment theory will
may be significant to the individual, it is typi- be explored.
cally the accumulation of stressors that impair
service (Chester, 1983). While space limitati- Crises and stress.
ons prohibit an in depth examination of each Under stress, attachment schemas activate and
of these 10 areas, an extensive literature review resultant emotional regulatory mechanisms
suggests that each of these areas may be influ- manifest (Kring & Sloan, 2010; Kring & Wer-
enced in varying degrees by attachment style: ner, 2004; Mallinckrodt & Wei, 2005; Schore,
e.g. Cultural (Kim, 2012; Wang & Mallinckrodt, 2000; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2002; Sroufe, 2005;
2006 ); Crises (Cozolino, 2010; Kring & Sloan, Wei et al., 2005; Werner & Gross; 2009). With
2010; Kring & Werner, 2004; Mallinckrodt & increased upheaval across the globe, missio-
Wei, 2005; Schore, 2000; Shaver & Mikulincer, naries often face situations far more trauma-

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