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In the present study the measure performed NAS subscales for predic�ng well-being. Items
acceptably with Cronbach’s alpha of .72. include emo�onal experiences such as “Plea-
sant” and “Afraid”, which are rated for frequen-
The Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale cy from 1 = Very rarely or never, to 5 = Very
Hwang et al. (2008) developed The Santa Clara o�en or always. Cronbach’s alpha in this study
Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS) from Sprecher was .96.
and Fehr’s 21-item Compassionate Love Scale.
Plante and Mejia (2016) confirmed high inter- Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being
nal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas from .89 to Scale
.90) and split-half reliability (Gu�man coeffi- The seven-item SWEMWBS was developed to
cients from .84-.85) among 6,763 students. enhance the psychometric proper�es of the
Plante and Mejia (2016) also confirmed the original Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being
SCBCS operates as a one-factor instrument, Scale (WEMWBS), which sought to capture po-
concluding "the compassion scale is both a reli- si�ve mental health (Tennant et al., 2007). Ste-
able and valid instrument" (p. 514). Items inclu- wart-Brown et al. (2009) conducted a Rasch
de statements such as “I tend to feel compassi- Measurement Model resul�ng in the seven-
on for people, even though I do not know item SWEMWBS with good internal consistency
them”, and agreement is indicated agreement (Cronbach’s alpha of .85) (Stewart-Brown et al.,
is indicated on a Likert scale of 1 = Not at all 2009). Stewart-Brown et al. (2009) suggest the
true of me, to 7 = Very true of me. In the pre- final SWEMWBS items measure psychological
sent study, Cronbach’s alpha was .88. and eudaimonic well-being rather than a more
holis�c sense of well-being, including items
The Sa�sfac�on with Life Scale such as “I’ve been feeling op�mis�c about the
Diener et al. (1985) developed the SWLS and future”, which are measured in frequency from
showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s 1 = None of the �me, to 5 = All of the �me.
alpha = .87) and temporal reliability (.82) Cronbach’s alpha in this study was .80.
amongst undergraduate students and elderly
adults. In a comprehensive review of SWLS stu- Data Analysis
dies, Pavot and Diener (2008) conclude the Researchers used path analysis to assess model
SWLS has “proven to be a reliable and valid fit using AMOS (Version 23.0). Path analysis can
measure of the life sa�sfac�on component of examine “chains” of influence, for example,
[subjec�ve well-being]” (p. 148). Items include “variable A influences variable B, which in turn
statements such as “In most ways my life is clo- effects variable C” (Streiner, 2005, p.115). The
se to my ideal” measured on a Likert scale from effects of variables are considered upon one
1 = Strongly disagree, to 7 = Strongly agree. another allowing model examina�on and con-
Cronbach’s alpha in this study was .86. firma�on if a theore�cal model fits with the
current data (Karadag, 2012; Streiner, 2005). To
The Scale of Posi�ve and Nega�ve Experience examine effect sizes, standardized coefficients
Diener et al. (2010) constructed the twelve- represent the change expected in a variable
item SPANE to assess subjec�ve feelings of (e.g., well-being) for every one standard devia-
well-being and ill-being. Ini�ally validated with �on change in another variable (e.g., humility).
689 par�cipants, the SPANE showed Cronbach However, the u�lity and conclusions of path
alpha of .89 and temporal stability of .68 on the analysis are dependent on the theore�cal
combined scales (Diener et al., 2010). The SPA- strength of the model tested (Byrne, 2000;
NE correlated posi�vely with previous instru- Streiner, 2005).
ments measuring feelings (Diener et al., 2010).
Jovanović (2015) also found the SPANE subsca- We used mul�ple indices of model fit due to
les showed incremental validity beyond the PA- cau�ons related to the weaknesses of any one
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